Lorraine Hansberry s A Raisin - 981 Words

In A Raisin in the Sun, Lorraine Hansberry portrays the Younger family as a struggling black family in Chicago at a pivotal time period for race relations in America shortly after the conclusion of World War II. Hansberry uses the three main characters of Walter, Lena (Mama), and Beneatha in order to emphasize the theme of family and the American Dream, whether that be the hard to get along with Walter and his self pity, or the kind and warm hearted Mama and her constant struggle to keep her children in line, or the educated and expressive Beneatha who just wants to find herself and explore her roots. Ultimately, by the end of the story, they work out their problems and show the values of family as they move to a new house in a white neighborhood where they will surely be oppressed. At the beginning of the story we are introduced to the Younger family living in a run down two-bedroom apartment in the Chicago slums. The Younger family consists of Lena Younger (Mama), her son, Walter Y ounger with his wife Ruth and their son Travis, and her daughter Beneatha Younger. They all are struggling in financial and social standards, but that all could all change with an insurance check for ten thousand dollars from Mama’s husband who has passed away. This check sends a rift through the Younger family as they all have different ideas for how the money should be used. This is where the theme of family and also the idea of the American dream come into play as they all fight over how theShow MoreRelatedLorraine Hansberry s A Raisin1120 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A raisin in the sun† was written by Lorraine Hansberry. The play was not expected to do so well because it had one white cast member, an inexperienced director, and an untried playwright. Set in the south side of Chicago in the 1950s, the play begins in the morning in the Youngers apartment. Their apartment has two bedrooms, one for mama and Beneatha, and one for Ruth and Walter, while Walter’s s on Travis sleeps on the couch in the living room. Ruth gets up first and talks and Walter and TravisRead MoreLorraine Hansberry s A Raisin1474 Words   |  6 PagesLorraine Hansberry created the play A Raisin in the Sun. A Raisin in the Sun recounts an anecdote about The Youngers who is a poor African American family living on the Southside of Chicago. A chance to escape from neediness comes as a $10,000 extra security watch that the female authority of the family (Lena/Mama) gets upon her significant other s passing. Lena s kids, Walter and Beneatha, each have plans with the cash. The most established child, Walter (a man of 35 with a spouse and a youthfulRead MoreLorraine Hansberry s A Raisin1758 Words   |  8 Pagesare located right within the â€Å"Black Metropolis†. Lorraine Hansberry’s play A Raisin in the Sun takes place in Southside Chicago in the 1950s. It revolves around the Younger family who bought a house in a white neighborhood with the money of Big Wa lter’s insurance check. But they are facing problems from the neighborhood as the â€Å"welcoming committee† offers to buy the house of off them just so they will not move into the neighborhood. In the play A Raisin in the Sun one of the many issues the YoungerRead MoreLorraine Hansberry s A Raisin1278 Words   |  6 Pages A Raisin In The Sun by Lorraine Hansberry is a realistic fictional drama in which the play s title and the characters represent the play s theme. The play focused on black American struggles to reach the American Dream of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness during the 1950’s and the 1960’s. The idea of everyone having the chance to achieve a better life should exist for all. Hansberry created her title using a line from Langston Hughes’ poem â€Å"A Dream Deferred† the original poem wasRead MoreLorraine Hansberry s A Raisin869 Words   |  4 Pagesand I pass them cool quiet looking restaurants where them white boys are sitting back and talking bout things†¦sitting there turning deals worth millions of dollars†¦sometimes I see guys don’t look much older than me’’- (1.2.226). A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry was published in 1959, develops the plot of an African American family facing a war against racism in the slums of Chicago. They are a family of 5 squeezed in a two-bedroom apartment, they are restricted socially and financially withRead MoreLorraine Hansberry s A Raisin1147 Words   |  5 PagesIn A Raisin In The Sun by Lorraine Hansberry. Broward College, Central Campus Theater in building 6, on Sunday, the 1st of November. The play was performed by Broward College students. The type of stage was Proscenium stage with extended apron. I thought it was a little bit small, but it did not show as a problem. The pre-show was dark and a feel of suspense. I felt excited to see how everything would play out. The play takes place down south of Chicago in the 1950’s. The production was much aRead MoreLorraine Hansberry s A Raisin1995 Words   |  8 Pages In A Raisin in the Sun, Lorraine Hansberry utilizes the insurance check to symbolize the American Dream as the check provides the members of Younger family with the opportunity to achieve their aspirations. The concept of the check reveals Walter’s and Mama’s perceptions of themselves and of their lifestyle, and their responses to the check reveals their contrasting approaches for escaping their impoverished world; therefore, Walter’s and Mama’s characteristics and reaction to the arrival of theRead MoreLorraine Hansberry s A Raisin Of The Sun1527 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† is about the Younger Family who live in a small apartment in Chicago. The family is torn apart as every member has different dreams and goals, yet Mama and her daughter-in-law Ruth desperately attempt to hold the family all together. In both the movie and the play, the family’s dreams remain the same. Mama wants her family to get along and she wants t o purchase a house. Her son, Walter, wants the life insurance money from his father to invest in a liquor store to achieve hisRead MoreLorraine Hansberry s A Raisin Essay1445 Words   |  6 Pages A Raisin in the Sun is a dramatic play written by Lorraine Hansberry in 1957 and debut on Broadway in 1959. Lorraine Hansberry used the title A Raisin in the Sun from Harlem A Dream Deferred a poem by Langston Hughes, Which ponders the question of what happens to a dream if it’s never achieved. The play helps shed light on the lives and struggles of a black family during the Civil Rights movement. The play was set in the Southside of Chicago during the Civil Rights movement, sometime between 1945Read MoreLorraine Hansberry s A Raisin982 Words   |  4 Pagesauthor is talking about, it is better to ask them directly in person, but the unfortunate part is that they might be dead. In the play, A Raisin in the Sun, the author, Lorraine Hansberry, choose to name her play from a famous poem by Langston Hughes. It is difficult to really know why she choose Hughes’ poem but there are reasons to infer. Lorraine Hansberry choose to name her play after Langston Hughes’ poem because of what the poem meant and that poem closely related to the characters within the

Media s Influence On Society Essay - 1250 Words

Thanks to being a Western capitalist society the United States has developed a media centered culture. Society has been influenced tremendously by mass media it seems as if it has become a necessity in life. Nine DVDs worth of data per person every day is the amount of all media delivered to consumers whether it be visual or auditorial on a daily basis. As consumers and technology develop that number will continue to increase because of the multi-tasking abilities that will be created (Zverina 13). The hold media has on society happens so often and has become so normalized that humanity just doesn’t respond to the conditioning that is happening without anyone being aware. Media is the everyday persons only source of information from around the country or the world. In todays media centered society it’s hard to not be influenced and manipulated. It happens to everyone. Media helps set the news agenda, frames the details of story and communicates the social desirability o f certain ideas. Mass media utilizes a wide variety of advertising techniques to get their message out and change the minds of people. The increased exposure to mass media has both positive and negative effects on society. Mass media influences society in many different aspects. Developing awareness, building social skills, having media as a platform and industry are positive ways that the media has influenced society in a positive way. Society has always viewed media as a negative influence as well. FromShow MoreRelatedThe Media s Influence On Society1462 Words   |  6 PagesThe media s the most powerful entity on earth. They have the power to make the innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and that s power. Because they control the minds of the masses† (Ruddy, 2002). Malcolm X, a prominent African American human rights activist, strongly believed that the media played a vital role in how they make society perceive events and people. An issue that is present, historically and currently, is media contributing to racism. When news is reported involvingRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society1454 Words   |  6 PagesThe Media’s Chokehold The media s influence on society is suffocating and undeniable. Body image has become overwhelmingly present in most media today. The front cover of a magazine may critically exclaim â€Å"so-and-so has cellulite† or â€Å"so and so is too thin†. Popular reality stars like Nicole Polizzi (otherwise known as â€Å"Snooki†) have been criticized for being to large and then criticized for being too thin after dropping the weight. The media teaches people to be unsatisfied with their bodiesRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society1269 Words   |  6 Pages The media is full of countless things, it has completely changed the world and is now a part of our everyday lives (Bookman, 64). With television, radio, newspapers, books, etc†¦ working their way into our everyday lives it is impossible to live without the media today. Along with it being persuasive, informational and a great source for entertainment it also has a large binding influence on societies all over the world. Media aspects are radically reshaping the world (Marina 240) and though someRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society1256 Words   |  6 PagesThe media are full of countless things, they have completely changed the world we live in and are now a part of our everyday lives (Bookman, 64). With television, radio, newspapers, books, etc†¦ working their way into our everyday lives it is almost impossible to live without the media. Along with it being persuasive, informative and a great source for entertainment, it also has a large binding influence on societies all over the world. Media aspects are radically reshaping the world (Marina 240)Read MoreMedia s Influence On Society1293 Words   |  6 PagesMedia is a major contributor of how social groups are perceived in today’s society. Mediais around us every day almost all day, and it constantly sends messages about the world’s environment. There are many indicators shown pertaining to how media really af fects society. One of the most prominent explanations of those questions is the way media influences stereotypes. There has been previous research linking media sources and biased attitudes. This research paper explores articles supporting mediaRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Society1654 Words   |  7 PagesMass media is perhaps the most powerful tool in the world for creating, changing or perpetuating society’s ideas about an issue or group of people. It works both blatantly and subconsciously by deciding which issues are important, how to frame those issues, who to show as affected by them, and, increasingly, providing personal commentaries on the matters at hand. Because the majority of media outlets are owned by corporations dominated by white heterosexual men, many minorities are portrayed in waysRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society1475 Words   |  6 PagesMass media has affected our view as a society on social class and what defines one’s social class. Thr oughout this article called â€Å"Making Class Invisible† by Gregory Mantsios, we evaluate the influence media has on our society and as Mr. Mantsios states how â€Å"media plays a key role in defining our cultural tastes, helping us locate ourselves in history, establishing our national identity, and ascertaining the range of national and social possibilities† (para. 1). Our social class determines whatRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Society1560 Words   |  7 Pagesare. How many times have we heard this, yet we live in a society that appears to contradict this very idea. If looks don’t matter then why do women and girls live in a society where their bodies define who they are? If looks don t matter then why is airbrushing used by the media to hide any flaws a person has? What exactly is causing this, why do we feel like we are just not beautiful the way we are? Its the media. It’s because the media promotes a certain body image as being beautiful, and it’sRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Society1416 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The media s the most powerful entity on Earth. They have the power to make the innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and that s power. Because they control the minds of the [people]† (Malcolm X). The message of this Malcolm X quote is that society can control the mind of the individual. This is true. For many years, society has influenced everyone worldwide both negatively and positively. That is because society has the ability to control the individual’s decisions. They can controlRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Society2776 Words   |  12 Pagessee many images in the media and they suggest what we should be like. While the media says how we should act or look, these suggestions invade people’s thoughts. The images the media portrays make it hard to break out of socially constructed stereotypes in our lives. The media reflects dominate and social values of p eople’s lives. The media also portrays gender by creating stereotypes and gender roles showing how men, women, and transgenders are seen as deviant. In the media, men are portrayed to

Australian Tax and Other Cases

Question: Discuss about the Australian Tax and Other Cases. Answer: Introduction: The temporary employment activity in Australia has to be approved by the Government of Australia. According to the Australian tax rules, Australian tax residents need to pay taxes on their worldwide income but Australian tax non residents do need to pay taxes on the income generated in Australia only. The overseas income of Australian tax non residents is not taxable in Australia. The income tax is charged in the basis of progressive tax rates. Australia has entered into double taxation avoidance agreement with 40 countries, this prevents double taxation on the on the same income and foster the cooperation among the countries. The income tax rates for the individual resident tax payers are as following; Taxable Income Tax Payable Marginal tax rates % on excess $18200 NIL 19 $37000 $3572 32.5 $80000 $17547 37 $180000 $54547 45 The income tax rates for the individual non-resident tax payers are as following: Taxable Income Tax Payable Marginal tax rates % on excess NIL NIL 32.5 $80000 $26000 37 $180000 $63000 45 The tax residency is the important factors for calculation of the tax liability. A foreign individual being resident or non-resident may qualify as the temporary resident. This is an important classification for the calculation of tax residency. A resident foreign individual will have to pay taxes on the income generated in Australia and income sourced from foreign. An Australian tax resident individual will have to be physically present in one half of the income year unless his actual place abode is outside Australia (www.ato.gov.au, 2016). Here, in this case Fred, an executive of a British corporation comes to Australia to set up a branch of his company. The length of the stay was uncertain but he stayed in Australia for 11 months. Fred was accompanied with her wife. During his 11 months stay he earned rent from his UK house and also earned interest from investment in France. According to the Australian tax law, the individual stayed for more than half of the income year to be considered as Australian tax resident. Here, Fred stayed in Australia for 11 months and he qualifies to be an Australian tax residents. This really presents the fact in the following manner that his salary income earned during the stay in Australia will be taxable along with the rent income originated in UK and interest income originated in France (www.ato.gov.au, 2016). Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) (1904) 5 TC 159 Californian Copper Syndicate was formed to acquire the copperand other mines, mining rights, metalliferous and auriferous land. In the background, the company acquired 480 acres of copper-bearing land and the land for development. The target of the company is to develop the property and to sale it. The Attorney General established the fact that the sale of assets is the part of business process. The excess profit out of the sale proceeded is regarded as the profits or gains of the business (indiankanoon.org, 2016). Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188 The case focused on the issue to understand the fact that whether sale or subdivision of the land used for the business of mining to be considered as the business income or the ordinary business income. The case focused on the core objective of the company. The MOA of Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd incorporated the main object of the company as; of carrying on coal-mining operations. Once after the completion of the business object of mining on those lands the company subdivided the land and then sold the land for the residential and others like roads and a railway station. It was held that the company was not in the business of selling land but to use the land for mining and the business income only accounts for mining sales. After completion of the object, the company realized by subdividing and selling the assets to other parties and the proceeds to be considered as the capital receipts. The income tax commissioner later on amended the assessment after the order from the court of appeal. The court of appeal upheld the objections of the company regarding tax assessment process where the company is not liable to pay tax on the business income (jade.io, 1950). FC of T v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR Whitfords Beach Pty. Ltd was incorporated in 1954. The land of 1,584 acreswas acquired by the company for the original shareholders. The target of the company was to access to shacks and therefore beachfrontof the land was occupied by the company. In 1967 all of the shares of the company were bought by three companies, which were the previous shareholders of the company. The main reason for acquiring the shares by three companies was to obtain control of the land for subdivision and further development of the land. The actual purchase price of the land was of $1,600,000. It was expected that the land would be developed and to be used as sites for commercial purposes. A general manager was also appointed by the company for 15 years to oversee the development process of the company. The sales management was made for the part of the land. The profit made out of the sale of an asset may be treated as assessable income. The profit portion is to be assessed as the part of the ordinary income of the company. In the case Californian Copper Syndicatev.Harris(1904), the famous quote was regarded as it is not merely the realization of the assets or change of investment but it is truly the carrying on, or carrying out of the business. The scheme of profit making process will involve the assessment of the profit for taxation purpose (www.iknow.cch.com.au, 1954). Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 The actual issue of the case was to decide whether isolated sale of property is deductible under subsection 51(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (ITAA 1936). Here, the taxpayer Stathams spouse was retrenched from her employment and decided to start a new property development business. In the process the taxpayer decided to purchase the land and started to meet with the developers for the project of building home in that land with the intention of developing the project. During the process of development the taxpayer failed to check the property with the local authorities regarding the development conditions or restrictions which could face the development restriction. Without the knowledge and the information about the land the taxpayer decided to invest in the property. The costing analysis was also not done by the taxpayer. After the completion of the project, the costing analysis was conducted on the project and it was found that the project will not be profitable. In the case it was decided that the taxpayer intended or expected to derive a profit out of the sales arrangement. In the course of the business, the property was developed and later on sold in loss. The loss occurred was purely due to the business process. The decision from the court was that the loss is a purely business loss and will not be allowed as deduction under subsection 51(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (ITAA 1936) (ato, 2016). Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 The case refers to the situation that whether the sale of subdivided primary production landto be treated as the capital gain of the business. According to the facts of the case, the property was developed by the taxpayer and another entity. The asset in question was the primary production property and the sales transactions have taken place due to expansion of the existing business. In the later on part, it was advised that it would not be viable to start the business on that land. In the later part the taxpayers decided to sell the part of the land but were unsuccessful. The company did not use the coherent development policy for the development of the land. Consequently, the taxpayers decided to subdivide the property and sale the blacks of the land. The subdivision portion was undertaken by the taxpayer and secured the planning for the township development from the local authority. The taxpayers were however not involved in the process of marketing of the property. The court decided in favour of the taxpayer and gave its verdict that the realized gains from the sale of the subdivided primary production landshall be treated as the capital gain under subsection 104-10(4) of the ITAA 1997 (ato, 2016). Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 The case law will highlight the question whether profit from the isolated transactions to be treated as the income for the company. The matter of the fact is the guidance to determine whether profits from isolated transactions to be treated as income under subsection 25(1) of theIncome Tax Assessment Act 1936. Here the isolated transactions refer to those transactions which are part of the ordinary course of business. The transactions also refer to the transactions entered by the non business entities. In this case a company made an interest being loan to the subsidiary of the company. The taxpayer provided the loan to receive the interest income. In the ruling of the case two aspects were considered by the court; 1. The intention of the taxpayer to enter into a transaction with the target of making profit. 2. The transactions were entered and the profit was made in the process of ordinary course of business. It is not necessary that intention of the transaction is of profit making but rather the dominant intention was to make profit out of the transaction process. The taxpayer must have the requisite purpose of profit making. The court ruled that isolated transactions on part of the business operation to be treated as the income under normal course of business (law.ato.gov.au, 2016). Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 The case starts with background of purchasing of land of 148 acres. The target of the taxpayer was farming on the land as most of the land in that area was arable and had been usedfor farming. The brickworks exchanged the land of the taxpayer with 15 acres of steep and stony bush land in exchange of 1 acres of the taxpayer's land. The target of the taxpayer was to develop a water storage facility on the 15 acre facility. The part of the taxpayer's land overlooking Bass Strait was rezoned as the residential plot and the plot of the taxpayer was also rezoned as the residential land. Despite the resistance from the taxpayer, the land was subdivided and the land was sold in blocks. The taxpayer made claim that the land developed and later on sold as the residential part was intended for the farming. The court decided that the taxpayer was not interested in selling the property which was actually intended for the farming. The circumstances were compelling him to sell that land. Therefore the sale of land after subdivision should not be recognized as the normal business. Hence, this profit shall not be considered as assessable profit according to section. 25(1) or section 25A of the ITA Act (iknow, 1996). McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 Here the taxpayers Bradley and Brett McCurry were assessed for their profit of $75,811 from sale of three townhouses. The background of the case starts in 1986, when they have $17000 savings. Both brothers saw a property at 20 Addison Avenue, Lake South. The property was old and was not of value. Bradley and Brett inspected the landand bought the land for $32000. The purchase value was gathered from saving of $17,000 and rests a loan from Commonwealth Bank of Australia. Later they gathered another loan of $80,000 and developed the property. The court ruled that the property development plan was part of the investment process and the profit made out of the sale of the properly is to be treated as the business income under the preview of sec 25(1) of the ITA Act (iknow, 1996). Works Cited: indiankanoon.org, 2016. Karanpura Development Co., Ltd vs The Commissioner Of Income-Tax,. on 31 August, 1961. [Online] indiankanoon.org Available at: https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/663679/?formInput=copper [Accessed 30 Augustus 2016]. jade.io, 1950. Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation [1950] HCA 16; 81 CLR 188. [Online] jade.io Available at: https://jade.io/article/64663 [Accessed 30 Augustus 2016]. law.ato.gov.au, 2016. ATO Interpretative Decision Sale of subdivided farm land - Income or capital gain? [Online] law.ato.gov.au Available at: https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?docid=AID/AID2002273/00001 [Accessed 30 Augustus 2016]. law.ato.gov.au, 2016. ATO Interpretative Decision; Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070. [Online] law.ato.gov.au Available at: https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?docid=AID/AID2002483/00001 [Accessed 30 Augustus 2016]. law.ato.gov.au, 2016. Taxation Ruling; whether profits on isolated transactions are income. [Online] law.ato.gov.au Available at: https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?DocID=TXR/TR923/NAT/ATO/00001 [Accessed 30 Augustus 2016]. www.ato.gov.au, 2016. Are you a resident? [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Calculators-and-tools/Are-you-a-resident/ [Accessed 30 Augustus 2016]. www.ato.gov.au, 2016. Work out your tax residency. [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/Work-out-your-tax-residency/ [Accessed 30 Augustus 2016]. www.iknow.cch.com.au, 1954. Federal Commissioner of Taxation v. Whitfords Beach Pty. Ltd., High Court of Australia, 17 March 1982. [Online] www.iknow.cch.com.au Available at: https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio549860sl16841994/federal-commissioner-of-taxation-v-whitfords-beach-pty-ltd-high-court-of-australia-17-march-1982 [Accessed 30 Augustus 2016]. www.iknow.cch.com.au, 1996. CASE 32/96, Administrative Appeals Tribunal of Australia, 23 February 1996. [Online] www.iknow.cch.com.au Available at: https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio539949sl16718659/case-32-96-administrative-appeals-tribunal-of-australia-23-february-1996 [Accessed 30 Augustus 2016]. www.iknow.cch.com.au, 1996. McCURRY ANOR v FC of T, Federal Court of Australia, 15 May 1998. [Online] www.iknow.cch.com.au Available at: https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio539084sl16707683/mccurry-anor-v-fc-of-t-federal-court-of-australia-15-may-1998 [Accessed 30 Augustus 2016].

Toyota Competitive Strategies Essay Example

Toyota Competitive Strategies Paper Competitive  Strategy Asia-Pacific Marketing Federation Certified Professional Marketer Copyright Marketing Institute of Singapore Outline * Introduction * Sustainable  competitive  advantage (SCA) * Sources of SCA * Strategies for * Market Leaders * Challengers * Followers, and * Nichers Introduction Having a  competitive  advantage  is necessary for a firm to compete in the market * But what is more important is whether the  competitiveadvantage is sustainable * A firm must identify its position relative to the competition in the market * By knowing if it is a leader, challenger, follower or nicher, it can adopt appropriate strategies to compete Sustainable  Competitive  Advantage * A good strategist seeks not only to â€Å"win the hill, but hold on to it. †Ã‚  Ã‚  Subash Jain * Sustaining  competitive  advantage requires erecting barriers against the competition * Aakers suggested looking at the following: How you compete * Basis of competition * Where you compete * Whom you are competing against Examples of SCA * For many years, Singapore Airlines were riding on its SCA of having the best in-flight service * As more airlines improved their service and   narrowed the gap, SIA sought othercompetitive  advantages among which are * The most modern fleet * Outstanding Service on the Ground * A super entertainment system in its cabins * Comfort in its First Class cabins at an unparallel level * Discuss whether the later initiatives had been sustainable We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Competitive Strategies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Competitive Strategies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Competitive Strategies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sun Tze’s defensive  strategy â€Å"Do not assume the enemy will not come but be prepared for his coming†¦ Do not presume he will not attack, but instead make your own position unassailable. † Sun Tze’s Offensive Strategies * Overt-offensive  strategy * To knock out a business rival so as to take over his company * To knock out a competing product so as to take over its market share * Covert-offensive  strategy * Keep as low a profile as possible while making offensive moves Strategies for Market Leaders Market Leader’s objectives: * Expand the total market by * Finding new users Creating new uses, and * Encouraging more usage * Protect its current market share by * Adopting defense strategies (see following slides) * Increase its market share * Note the relationship between market share and profitability Which  strategy  to use? Depends on your answer to the following: * Is it worth fighting? * Are you strong enough to fight? * How strong i s your defense? * Do you have any choice but to fight? Defense  Strategy * A market leader should generally adopt a defense  strategy * Six commonly used defense strategies * Position Defense * Mobile Defense Flanking Defense * Contraction Defense * Pre-emptive Defense * Counter-Offensive Defense Defense  Strategy  (cont’d) Position Defense * Least successful of the defense strategies * â€Å"A company attempting a fortress defense will find itself retreating from line after line of fortification into shrinking product markets. †Ã‚   Saunders (1987) * e. g. Mercedes was using a position defense  strategy  untilToyota  launched a frontal attack with its Lexus. Defense  Strategy  (cont’d) Mobile Defense * By market broadening and diversification * For marketing broadening, there is a need to Redefine the business (principle of objective), and * Focus efforts on the competition (the principle of mass) * e. g. Legend Holdings, the top China PC maker Legend has announced a joint venture with AOL to broaden its business to provide Internet services in the mainland Defense  Strategy  (cont’d) Flanking Defense: * Secondary markets (flanks) are the weaker areas and prone to being attacked * P ay attention to the flanks * e. g. San Miguel introduced a flanking brand in the Philippines, Gold Eagle, as a defense against APB’s Beerhausen Defense  Strategy  (cont’d) Contraction Defense * Withdraw from the most vulnerable segments and redirect resources to those that are more defendable * By planned contraction or strategic withdrawal * e. g. India’s TATA Group sold its soaps and detergents business units to Unilever in 1993 Defense  Strategy  (cont’d) Pre-emptive Defense * Detect potential attacks and attack the enemies first * Let it be known how it will retaliate * Product or brand proliferation is a form of pre-emptive defense e. g. Seiko has over 2,000 models Defense  Strategy  (cont’d) Counter-Offensive Defense Responding to competitors’ head-on attack by identifying the attacker’s weakness and then launch a counter attack * e. g. Toyota  launched the Lexus to respond to Mercedes attack Market Challenger Strategies The market challengers’ strategic objective is to gain market share and to become the leader eventually How? * By attacking the market leader * By attacking other firms of the same size * By attacking smaller firms Market Challenger Strategies (cont’d) Types of Attack Strategies * Frontal attack * Flank attack * Encirclement attack * Bypass attack * Guerrilla attack Frontal Attack * Seldom work  unless The challenger has sufficient fire-power (a 3:1 advantage) and staying power, and * The challenger has clear distinctive advantage(s) * e. g. Japanese and Korean firms launched frontal attacks in various ASPAC countries through quality, price and low cost Flank attack * Attack the enemy at its weak points or blind spots i. e. its flanks * Ideal for challenger who does not have sufficient resources * e. g. In the 1990s, Yaohan attacked Mitsukoshi and Seibu’s flanks by opening numerous stores in overseas markets Encirclement attack * Attack the enemy at many fronts at the same time Ideal for challenger having superior resources * e. g. Seiko attacked on fashion, features, user preferences and anything that might interest the consumer Bypass attack * By diversifying into unrelated products or markets neglected by the leader * Could overtake the leader by using new technologies * e. g. Pepsi use a bypass attack  strategy  against Coke in China by locating its bottling plants in the interior provinces Guerrilla attack * By launching small, intermittent hit-and-run attacks to harass and destabilize the leader * Usually use to precede a stronger attack e. g. airlines use short promotions to attack the national carriers especially when passenger loads in certain routes are low Which Attack  Strategy  should a Challenger Choose? Use a combination of several strategies to improve market share over time Market-Follower Strategies * Theodore Levitt in his article,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Innovative Imitation†Ã‚  argued that a product imitation  strategy  might be just as profitable as a product innovation  strategy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  e. g. Product innovationSony Product-imitationPanasonic Market-Follower Strategies (cont’d) Each follower tries to bring distinctive advantages to its target marketlocation, services, financing * Four broad follower strategies: * Counterfeiter (which is illegal) * Cloner e. g. the IBM PC clones * Imitator e. g. car manufacturers imitate the style of one another * Adapter e. g. many Japanese firms are excellent adapters initially before developing into challengers and eventually leaders Market-Nicher Strategies * Smaller firms can avoid larger firms by targeting smaller markets or niches that are of little or no interest to the larger firms   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  e. g. Logitechmice Microbrewersspecial beers Market-Nicher Strategies (cont’d) * Nichers must create niches, expand the niches and protect them * e. g. Nike constantly created new nichescycling, walking, hiking, cheerleading, etc * What is the major risk faced by nichers? * Market niche may be attacked by larger firms once they notice the niches are successful Multiple Niching â€Å"[A] firm should `stick to its niching’ but not necessarily to its niche. That is why multiple niching is preferable to single niching. By developing strength in two or more niches the company increases its chances for survival. † Philip Kotler